Guanosine - 'Cellular Converter'

Guanosine Monophosphate (GMP) is an analog of AMP and also serves in several energy requiring systems. Guanosine is a component of ribonucleic acid (RNA) and plays important roles in biochemical processes such as synthesis of nucleic acids and proteins, muscle contraction and intracellular signal transduction. Derivatives of guanine perform important functions in cellular metabolism. One derivative which is Guanosine Tri-Phoshate (GTP) acts as a coenzyme in carbohydrate metabolism and in the biosynthesis of proteins; it can also readily donate one of its phosphate groups to adenosine diphosphate (ADP) to form adenosine triphosphate (ATP). GTP is the source of the guanosine found in RNA and deoxyguanosine triphosphate (dGTP), is the source of the deoxyguanosine in DNA, thus guanosine is intimately involved in the preservation and transfer of genetic information. It is also a type of second messenger. For example, the oxidation of alpha-ketoglutaric acid, another ingredient in Extreme Pump, to Co-Enzyme A in the kreb cycle involves Guanosine. This is simular to the ATP cycle. Guanosine also appears to be an important intracellular signal of extracellular events. It is involved in male sexual performance. A derivative of Guanosine, Cyclic GMP (cGMP) facilitates erections of the penis by facilitating blood circulation. Sildenafil (Viagra) inhibits the Phosphodiesterase 5 (PDE5) enzyme that in turn inhibits Cyclic GMP activity. By inhibiting PDE5 activity, cyclic GMP is able to persist in its activity. Guanosine also signals nerve cells to protect themselves from further damage, and also act as a chemical messenger to signal cells called Astrocytes and Glia to release trophic factors. Glia and Astrocytes are supporting cells in the central nervous system (CNS), and the trophic factors that they secrete aid in the repair of damaged nerves. An interesting thing about all Guanosine compounds is that they can be converted and synthesized by each other.

Cytidine - 'The Feel Good Nucleotide'

Cytidine Monophosphate (CMP) and its derivatives are important compounds involved in synthesis of ribonucleic acid and of CDP- and CMP-linked compounds. Like the other nucleotides, it can also be involved in the formation of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) as a donator of phosphate groups to adenosine diphosphate (ADP). However, its importance lies in the fact that it is a carrier of N-acetylneuraminic acid in glycoprotein synthesis and a carrier of choline and ethanolamine in the phospholipid synthesis. Cytidine Diphosphate Choline (CDP-Choline) is an active Lipotrope form of Choline, which is produced within the body from Cytidine, Phosphorus and Choline. Choline is also another ingredient in Xtreme Pump. CDP-Choline has important functions in relation to coordination, brain and mental function. It enhances the production of energy within the brain and increases blood circulation and oxygen utilisation. Hypoxia, which involves a deficiency of Oxygen in the body's tissues can be counteracted by CDP-Choline. Thus CDP-Choline is involved in maintaining optimum Oxygen levels within cells. CDP-Choline also increases the generation of Alpha Brain Waves. Alpha Waves are a type of Brain Wave that is characterized by feelings of relaxation but without Drowsiness. Their effect produce periods of calm, relaxed states of Alertness and enhanced memory retrieval.

Uridine - 'The Carb Controller'

Uridine Monophosphate (UMP) is the chief transferring coenzyme in carbohydrate metabolism; acting as a carrier of hexoses, hexosamines, and hexuronic acids which are intermediates in the metabolism. But recently it has been linked to increasing CDP-Choline levels and as a growth factor in the regeneration of nerves. Numerous scientific studies have shown supplementing with UMP can increase the cytidine levels in the brain, which in turn increase CDP-Choline levels. It has an influence on the dopaminergic system and has a positive effect on cognitive health. The derivatives of Uridine perform important functions in cellular metabolism, particularly in carbohydrate metabolism; where it acts as a coenzyme in the biosynthesis of lactose and glycogen within the body. It can also readily donate one of its phosphate groups, like the rest of the Nucleotides, to adenosine diphosphate (ADP) to form adenosine triphosphate (ATP). Since Uridine nucleotides contain only ribose and not deoxyribose, their importance as a source of uridine only in ribonucleic acid (RNA); there is no uridine in deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA), confirms that its involvement in the biosynthesis of RNA is important in the translation of genetic information.

Inosine - 'Energy Regulator'

Inosine Monophosphate (IMP) came to recognition years ago as an exercise performance enhancer. But since then it has faded into the background and been superseded by other supplements such as creatine, HMB and caffeine. One reason for its demise was that a couple of scientific studies showed Inosine supplementation showed no increase in athletic performance. With a little insight and more knowledge of Inosine’s bio-chemical pathways, one would notice that Inosine needs other co-factors as well to increase athletic performance and by itself is not effective. Something in those studies the researchers failed to mention. Inosine, like the other nucleotides, can improve the body's production of Energy by increasing the body's production of Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP), but unlike the other nucleotides, which can donate phosphate to ADP to make ATP, Inosine can be converted directly to Adenosine by a bio-chemical reaction involving Guanosine which then in turn can be converted into ADP and ATP. Adenosine can also be converted back into Inosine. Further more, utilising NADH, another important ingredient in Xtreme Pump, and Glutamine, Inosine can be converted into Guanosine. Thus Inosine forms a feedback mechanism where it can interconvert itself to other nucleotides to feed its own cycle. Interestingly, during and after intense exercise, Inosine levels within muscle increase dramatically. One could speculate that NADH and/or Glutamine could be the limiting factors in converting the Inosine back into Adenosine and ATP via the Guanosine pathway. Inosine has also been found to reduce the (toxic) accumulation of Lactic Acid in people who undertake intensive exercise by increasing 2,3-Diphosphoglycerate (DPG) levels. DPG is related to the Oxygen in the blood, in which Inosine has the effect of decreasing fatigue by increasing the Oxygen-carrying capacity of the blood through increased DPG and improving the transport of Oxygen through the body via the bloodstream. Recently it has been found in scientific research that Inosine causes nerve cells in culture to regenerate their axons. It shows growth factor and messenger type activity. Inosine was shown to act by passing directly into nerve cells and to activate the cell’s molecular program to grow an axon. Further studies have revealed inosine to promote the growth of new brain connections and to improve functional outcome in the cerebral cortex. After an experimentally created stroke in mice and treatment with inosine, it was found that hundreds of axons were growing into denervated areas in the brain and spinal cord. Since then it has been found that Inosine enables damaged neurons to at least partially regrow their nerve fibres and it can stimulate neurons whose axons were damaged to sprout new branches and take the place of others that have been lost. Currently today, those studies are continuing, with ongoing investigations which entail cloning the gene for the enzyme they believe to be the target of inosine's actions and the "master switch" that controls axon growth; exploring methods to regenerate axons in the optic nerve of mammals; studying whether inosine causes a reorganization of connections and improves functional outcome after stroke; and obtaining a fuller understanding of the molecular changes that underlie axon growth.

The Co-Factors

Choline - 'Brain Food'

Choline, as mentioned before, forms an integral part with Cytidine in the formation of CDP-Choline and relates to increased brain function. Also Choline and its metabolites are needed for 2 other main physiological purposes: as a major source for methyl-groups via its metabolite, trimethylglycine (betaine) that participates in the S-adenosylmethionine synthesis pathways and as a nutrient, essential for cardiovascular function, cellular membrane composition and repair.

Folic Acid - 'Nucleotide Regenerator'

Folic acid is incorporated into the formula because of its role within the bio-chemical pathways that the nucleotides are involved in. The coenzyme tetrahydrofolic acid. is derived in humans from folic acid and its close relatives participate in the transfer of various carbon fragments from one molecule to another. They are, for instance, involved in the synthesis of methionine. Of its many involvements within the human body, folate metabolism has a large importance in the synthesis of the nucleotides. Any inhibition of the formation of the tetrahydrofolate compounds will have a detrimental effect upon the resynthesis of the nucleotides.

GROWTH!

The polyamines spermidine and spermine are expressed in a variety of tissues and are involved in the regulation of progression through the cell cycle. Depletion of polyamines appears to reduce cell growth, and increased polyamine expression is associated with increased cellular development. As positively charged amines, spermine and spermidine interact with DNA and may exert some of their effects through this interaction. Ornithine is one of the starting materials for polyamine biosynthesis along with arginine as part of the urea cycle. The enzyme ornithine decarboxylase produces putrescine from ornithine. Amino-propyl groups from decarboxylated adoMet are progressively added to putrescine to produce first spermidine and then spermine. Ornithine decarboxylase expression appears to be induced in muscle hypertrophy as a controlling factor where growth is expressed through multiple pathways such as GSK-3{beta}, mTOR and Foxo1.

Xtreme PUMP & Anabolic Effects

The anabolic effects of Xtreme PUMP are mediated through increased Insulin activity and Nitric Oxide activators which also act as Growth Hormone Secretagogues.

Ornithine Alpha Ketoglutarate - 'Insulin & GH stimulator'

Ornithine Alpha-Ketoglutarate (OKG) is a derivative of Ornithine that consists of two molecules (64%) Ornithine and one molecule (36%) Alpha-Ketoglutaric Acid (Alpha-Ketoglutarate). As mentioned before, in conjunction with methionine, Ornithine serves as a precursor of the growth factors, spermidine and spermine. But it also serves many other functions. It is a precursor for the endogenous production of Citrulline and other amino acids such as Glutamic Acid, Proline and Serine, but its main notability is that of its involvement in stimulating the release of Human Growth Hormone. Within Xtreme Pump, OKG has been added, not only for its above effects but also for its ability to increase plasma Arginine levels. OKG also inhibits the loss of Branched Chain Amino Acids (BCAAs) from the Muscles and increases the concentration of Glutamine within the Skeletal Muscles and the Liver; Enzymes in the Skeletal Muscles convert supplemental OKG to Glutamine. OKG improves the body's metabolism of Nitrogen (it improves Nitrogen Balance) and also stimulates the release of Insulin. Scientific studies have confirmed that a combination of OKG and glucose can stimulate Insulin release greater than glucose or OKG alone and increase glycogen uptake in muscle. OKG acts directly with glucose on islets to induce insulin secretion via mechanisms involving NO and glutamine synthesis. OKG also increases the production of Antibodies as well as increasing the body's synthesis of endogenous Proteins within the Muscles.

Arginine Alpha Ketoglutarate - 'Nitric Oxide'

Arginine Alpha-Ketoglutarate has been added not only for its involvement in increasing nitric oxide (the pump), but also all of the other functions it performs within the human body. Endogenous Creatine manufactured by the Liver, Kidneys and Pancreas, is produced from Arginine (together with Glycine and Methionine) and it is involved in the formation of endogenous Glutamic Acid. Arginine stimulates the activity of Tissue Plasminogen Activator (TPA) activity, increases the synthesis of Insulin-like Growth Factor-1 and the level of Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor in the Skin. Some studies have shown that a likely mechanism for Arginine stimulating hGH release is by inhibiting Somatostatin (a Hormone that inhibits the release of hGH). Arginine also helps to restore blood levels of Thymic Hormones to youthful levels. It is a (minor) constituent of Collagen (of which it comprises approximately 5%) – and it also enhances the function of Collagen and stimulates the production of Collagen. Arginine is a major component of Histones. In regards to athletic performance, Arginine’s ability to stimulate nitric oxide through supplying the primary source of the Nitrogen molecules that comprise the Nitric Oxide (NO), are its main benefit. Nitric Oxide participates in several essential functions within the body. It has recently been elevated by researchers to the status of a Neurotransmitter. It functions as a vasodilator, by relaxing the Arteries and preventing Cholesterol and White Blood Cells (especially Monocytes) from travelling to and attaching themselves to Artery walls. This increases Blood Circulation and nutrient transport within cells. Activated by Insulin, Nitric Oxide is manufactured in the Endothelium of Blood Vessels, where NO works hand in hand with Insulin to enhance uptake of nutrients into cells. It’s many other functions include helping to control Blood Pressure, regulating the function of the Kidneys, activating the Guanyl Cyclase enzyme, stimulating Hair Growth in persons afflicted with Male Pattern Baldness, destruction of Superoxide Free Radicals, the destruction of Cancer cells, stimulating the Immune System and helping to suppress/kill toxic Micro-organisms. It can also help in the healing of Fractures, improve muscular Coordination and help to control movement of Muscles. NO is a potent inhibitor of the resorption of Bones by Osteoclasts (excessive activity of Osteoclasts is implicated in Osteoporosis) - this indicates that strategies that increase Nitric Oxide production may be beneficial in the treatment and prevention of Osteoporosis. Nitric Oxide is involved in maintaining Alertness and in maintaining the sense of balance. Nitric Oxide potentiates Long-Term Memory via its function as a Neurotransmitter and exerts its Memory-enhancing effects within the Hippocampus. It also enhances male and female Sexual Performance by relaxing the (Smooth) Muscle in the chambers of the sexual organs of both sexes. This stimulates its Muscles to relax, allowing the sexual organs to fill with blood, increasing sensitivity and activity. Recent studies using chemical inhibitors of nitric oxide synthase (NOS) suggest that nitric oxide derived from Arginine could be partly involved in OKG activity.

Scientific Research Abstracts